Customize Your Browser Toolbar

You can customize your system web browser toolbar according to your need. There are many toolbar buttons you never used. You can add some mostly used buttons for example "Paste" or "Print Preview" in your browser toolbar or remove with same option.

If you are using Internet Explorer then right click on the empty area of the toolbar and select the option "Customize". Here you will find a list of options in left and right panel, if you want to add any toolbar button then simply highlight it from the left panel and click on the "Add" button. But if you want to remove any toolbar button then first highlight it from the right panel and click on the "Remove" button.

You can also change the order that buttons appear by moving them up and down from the list.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Configuration.

RouterA#show ip route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, serial0/1

C 3.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, serial0/0

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, loopback0

Configure igrp on Router A

RouterA#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with Cntl/z

RouterA#(config)#router igrp 10

RouterA#(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0

RouterA#(config-router)#network 3.0.0.0

RouterA#(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0

RouterA#(config-router)#exit

RouterA#(config)#

Now verify these configuration on router A with command us under:

RouterA#show ip route

To check the routing protocol with this command.

RouterA#show ip protocols

RouterB#show ip route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, serial0/1

C 2.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, serial0/0

C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, loopback0

Configure igrp on Router B

RouterB#configure terminal

RouterB#(config)#router igrp 10

RouterB#(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0

RouterB#(config-router)#network 2.0.0.0

RouterB#(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0

RouterB#(config-router)#exit

RouterB#(config)#

Now verify these configuration on router B with command us under:

RouterB#show ip route

RouterC#show ip route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 2.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, serial1

C 3.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, serial0

C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, loopback0

Configure igrp on Router C

RouterC#configure terminal

RouterC#(config)#router igrp 10

RouterC#(config-router)#network 2.0.0.0

RouterC#(config-router)#network 3.0.0.0

RouterC#(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0

RouterC#(config-router)#exit

RouterC#(config)#

Now verify these configuration on router C with command us under:

RouterC#show ip route

How to configure Site-to-Site IPsec VPN?

VPN stands for Virtual Private Network, used to create an encrypted connection between private networks over a public network such as the internet. The basic form of IPsec VPN is to connect two different points using any shared network.

Basic steps for IPsec VPN Configuration:

1- First define the ISAKMP Policy.

For example:

• Authentication

• Hash
• Encryption
• Group

2- Establish IPsec transform set.

For example:

• Esp-des

• Esp-md5-hmac
• Esp-aes
• Asp-sha-hmac

3- Configure crypto access list.

For example:

• Define interesting traffics

4- Configure crypto map

Used to verify the previously defined parameters.

5- Now apply crypto map on the interface.

Used to verify the outgoing interface traffic.

Configuration on Router A

• In global configuration mode

Router-A(config)#interface serial 1/0

(Configure serial interface on Router A)

Router-A(config-if)#ip address 20.1.1.10 255.0.0.0

(Assign IP address to serial interface on Router A)

Router-A(config-if)#exit

(Exit from Interface 1/0)

• First defined the IKE polices on router A

Router-A(config)#crypto isakmp policy 10

(10 is isakmp policy number)

Router-A(config-isakmp)#encryption des

(enable encryption des)

Router-A(config-isakmp)#hash md5

(enable algorithm md5 for hashing)

Router-A(config-isakmp)#authentication pre-share

(enable Pre-shared method)

Router-A(config-isakmp)#group 2

(enable diffie-Helman group 2)

Router-A(config-isakmp)#exit

(Exit from crypto isakmp mode)

• The next step is to create a pre-shared key (password) on router A.

Router-A(config)#crypto isakmp key office address 20.1.1.20

(Here Key is "office" and 20.1.1.20 is router B Address)

• Now create an access list to define only interesting traffic.

Router-A(config)#access-list 100 permit ip host 20.1.1.10 host 20.1.1.20

(100 is access list number and 20.1.1.10 is source address and 20.1.1.20 is destination address.)

• Now create the transform-set for encryption and hashing.

Router-A(config)#crypto ipsec transform-set ts2 esp-des esp-md5-hmac

(here encryption type is des and hashing technique is md5-hmac)

Router-A(config)#crypto map imap 10 ipsec-isakmp

(crypto map name imap)

Router-A(cfg-ctypto-map)# match address 100

(apply the access list)

Router-A(cfg-ctypto-map)# set transform-set ts2

(apply the transform set)

Router-A(cfg-ctypto-map)# set peer 20.1.1.20

(Set remote peer address)

Router-A(cfg-ctypto-map)# exit

(Exit from crypto map mode)

• Now apply the crypto map to the router A interface

Router-A(config)#interface serial 1/0

Router-A(config-if)#crypto map imap

(Apply crypto map on interface)

Router-A(config-if)#exit

(Exit from interface)

Configuration on Router B

• In global configuration mode

Router-B(config)#interface serial 1/0

(Configure serial interface on Router B)

Router-B(config-if)#ip address 20.1.1.20 255.0.0.0

(Assign IP address to serial interface on Router B)

Router-B(config-if)#exit

(Exit from Interface 1/0)

• First defined the IKE polices on router B

Router-B(config)#crypto isakmp policy 10

(10 is isakmp policy number)

Router-B(config-isakmp)#encryption des

(enable encryption des)

Router-B(config-isakmp)#hash md5

(enable algorithm md5 for hashing)

Router-B(config-isakmp)#authentication pre-share

(enable Pre- shared method)

Router-B(config-isakmp)#group 2

(enable diffie-Helman group 2)

Router-B(config-isakmp)#exit

(Exit from crypto isakmp mode)

• The next step is to create a pre-shared key (password) on router B.

Router-B(config)#crypto isakmp key office address 20.1.1.10

(Here Key is "office" and 20.1.1.10 is router A Address).

• Now create an access list to define only interesting traffic.

Router-B(config)#access-list 100 permit ip host 20.1.1.20 host 20.1.1.10

(100 is access list number and 20.1.1.20 is source address and 20.1.1.10 is destination address.)

• Now create the transform-set for encryption and hashing.

Router-B(config)#crypto ipsec transform-set ts2 esp-des esp-md5-hmac

(here encryption type is des and hashing technique is md5-hmac)

Router-B(config)#crypto map imap 10 ipsec-isakmp

(crypto map name imap)

Router-B(cfg-ctypto-map)# match address 100

(apply the access list)

Router-B(cfg-ctypto-map)# set transform-set ts2

(apply the transform set)

Router-B(cfg-ctypto-map)# set peer 20.1.1.10

(Set remote peer address)

Router-B(cfg-ctypto-map)# exit

(Exit from crypto map mode)

• Now apply the crypto map to the router B interface

Router-B(config)#interface serial 1/0

Router-B(config-if)#crypto map imap

(Apply crypto map on interface)

Router-B(config-if)#exit

(Exit from interface)

Break or recover the router password

• Turn the power switch off and back on to recycle the power.

• Press the Break key or key sequence to put the router into ROM Monitor mode. The break key varies by computer or terminal software. The sequence might be CTRL-D, CTRL-Break or another combination.

• At the > prompt, type 0 to record the current value of the configuration register normally 0x2102, or 0x102.

  >o

  Configuration register = 0x2102 at last boot

  Bit# Configuration register option settings:

  15 Diagnostic mode disabled.

• Type o/r 0x2142 to tell the router to boot from flash without loading the configuration in NVRAM at the next reload.

• Type i to have the router reboot. The router ignores the configuration in NVRAM.

• The router runs the setup dialog, Type no or press Ctrl-C to skip the initial setup Dialog.

• Type enable ate the Router> prompt to go to privileged exec mode.

• Copy the startup configuration to the running configuration by using the configure memory or copy startup-config running-config commands. Do not type configure terminal. If you use the configure terminal command, you overwrite the configuration stored in NVRAM.

• View the configuration by typing write terminal or show running-config. View the configured line, vty and enable passwords. Any encrypted passwords need to be changed.

• Enter the configuration mode by typing configure terminal. Change the line of enable passwords as necessary.

• All interfaces are in a shutdown state. Issue the no shutdown command on every interface that is to be used.

• Type config-register 0x2102 to return the router to normal operation at the next reloads.

• Exit configuration mode by pressing Ctrl-Z

• Save your changes by typing write memory or copy running-config startup-config.

• Reload the router and verify the passwords.

Most commonly used Security Techniques against viruses.

Virus detection and its removal are mode through an antivirus or with some other security program. Different antivirus programs are available in the market and over Internet. The most common and famous security technique against viruses is as under:

Virus Signature/ Virus Definition

Virus signature is a known pattern of code of a code of a virus program; this pattern is used by antivirus program to detect viruses and then to remove these viruses. You should update virus definition continuously by downloading updates from Internet. This ensures that your antivirus is always able to detect changing viruses.

Inoculation

Inoculation file is separate file created and maintained by antivirus program to record information like file size and file creation date. This information later on is used for virus detection and removal.

Quarantine

Quarantine is a separate area on a hard disk. It contains the infected files and folders that cannot be cleared or deleted by antivirus due to some reason, for example sharing violation or unknown virus for that antivirus.

Recovery Disk

Recovery disk is a removable disk that holds un-infected system commands and startup information. In case the boot record of actual hard disk fails, this recovery disk can be used to start the computer. Afterwards an antivirus program can be used to remove the virus.

Un-authorized access

Accessing a computer system without the knowledge or permission of its user is called unauthorized access. It is always recommended to restrict computer resources with the help of usernames and passwords. These are unique combination of characters to identify users and their secret codes respectively.

Firewall

Firewall is a security system consisting of hardware and software to prevent unauthorized access of a network or computer. Big companies use a separate computer firewall software or hardware to protect their date from unauthorized access. Firewall check outgoing and incoming traffic and manage data access to the authorized users only.

Biometric Devices

A biometric device reads personal characteristics like fingerprints hand structure, facial features, and voice recognition to authenticate a user for any further access to a computer system or other peripheral devices. A biometric device translates the personal characteristics into digital code that is matched to already store user data in that system. If the digital data matches with any of the stored data, it gives access to the person. In case of no match, the access is denied.

Create your own pictures screensaver

If you have your pictures in computer and also like using a screen saver then you can create your own pictures slide show screen saver. You can use any third party application to run your picture as slide show. But windows XP also supports this feature and takes any picture that stored in your computer “My Pictures” folder to run in random order as a screen saver.

Follow the given steps to create your pictures screen saver.

• First store all your pictures in your computer “My Pictures” folder.
• Right click on empty area of your desktop and then click on properties.
• Now select Screen saver tab on top of the dialog box.
• Here click on Screen saver list and choose My Pictures slideshow option.
• Now check its preview and press ok button.
• 

Remove or uninstall Windows XP SP2

Windows XP service pack 2 is a powerful tool to fight against malicious intrusion, but if you are experiencing problem with SP2, you can uninstall or remove it. There are many methods to remove it, but a simple one to remove using “Add or Remove Programs tool in Control Panel”.

Follow the given steps to remove windows XP SP2:

• First click on Start button then open Run on Popup menu.

• In Run dialog box type appwiz.cpl and press Ok button.

• Here Add or Remove Programs dialog box, select the Show Updates check box on the top of that dialog box.

• Now select Windows XP Service Pack 2 program then click on remove button.

• At the end Removal Wizard will start, click Next to finish it.